Studying nonthermal phase transitions in metals on ultra-fast time scales using compact hard X-ray split-and-delay
Intense, ultra-short, and coherent X-ray pulses from X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) have a unique potential to reveal the fundamental understanding of ultra-fast processes in matter, in particular ultra-fast (nonthermal) melting in metals. Up to now the non-thermal melting processes (ultra-fast loss of atomic periodicity) have been extensively studied in semiconductors, typically with intense ultra-short pulsed lasers in laser pump-probe or laser-pump X-ray-probe experiments. In our project, we will study ultra-fast phase transitions in metals by collecting the time evolution of liquid structures from non-thermally molten metal nanocrystals after pumping the sample system with hard X-ray pulses at XFEL. Highly intense hard X-ray pulses enable to deposit energy homogenously exciting the core electrons, and consequently, their energy is transferred to all electrons, including valence band electrons by impact ionization and Auger recombination. X-ray scattering patterns from the liquid structures will be collected with an area detector. To access relevant times scales we will employ the state-of-art compact split-and-delay optics. The setup provides jitter-free possibility to perform X-ray pump X-ray probe experiments. In order to achieve sub-picosecond time delays τ, we will design and assemble the second branch of the compact split-and-delay setup.